A reservoir is a large man-made lake important to what renewable energy resource?

Global renewable energy resource and use in 2050

Patrick Moriarty , Damon Honnery , in Managing Global Warming, 2019

half-dozen.3.2 Hydroelectricity in 2050

Hydroelectricity cannot exist readily stored. Only unless the hydroplant is a elementary run-of-the-river installation, electricity tin can be generated on demand because of the gravitational energy of the water stored behind the dam wall.

It is likely that by 2050, nigh of the world'southward remaining technical potential for hydropower will be utilized. But some potential volition remain unexploited—and then almanac electric output volition still exist well below thirty   EJ for several reasons. Kickoff, ongoing climate change will add together to incertitude most futurity catchment precipitation levels and the season distribution of almanac river flows, although some areas (such as Arctic-draining rivers in northern Europe) volition encounter conditions favorable for further hydro output. In some mountainous areas, such as the Himalayas, hydropotential could prove a temporary increment, fuelled past continuing loss of glacier mass [6,23]. This uncertainty will impact on the economics of hydrodevelopment, given that dam structures can take an expected lifetime of 100 years or so.

Second, extreme rainfall events are expected to increase in frequency. The soil erosion potential varies nonlinearly with rainfall intensity (and and then volition catchment area landslides into the reservoir), and then that sedimentation rates of hydroreservoirs will increase, shortening their service lives. In the Amazon bowl, another cistron could seriously affect the bowl's vast hydropotential. Deforestation, which is still occurring in the Amazon, initially increases river flows, and thus hydropotential, because of less transpiration from trees. But beyond a certain level of basin forest loss, further deforestation reduces hydropotential. The modeled results of Stickler et al. [24] showed that hydropotential could be reduced to only a quarter of its full potential if 40% of forest embrace is lost. This reduction occurs because in the Amazon the "rainfall systems are maintained, in part, past the forest itself through contribution of water vapor to the atmosphere through ET and through its associated influences on land–atmosphere free energy exchange" [24]. Presumably any comparable loss of tree cover from climate change would have a similar effect.

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The Rhône River Bowl

Jean-Michel Olivier , ... Jean-Paul Bravard , in Rivers of Europe, 2009

7.8.v Management and Conservation

Hydroelectricity is mainly produced on the Doubs and Loue rivers (∼300 GWh/twelvemonth). The Saône valley is an old axis of civilisation, beingness a natural link between the Mediterranean and lands in the north ( Bravard et al. 2002a) (Photo 7.6). The Saône has been regulated for navigation since the 19th century, using low navigation dams upstream later 1841 and narrowing the channel downstream afterwards 1845 (Astrade 2005). Although the navigation system was completed by 1882, send was modest (400 000 tons/yr) due to railway contest. Around 400 km of the Saône are navigable from Corre to Lyon. Only small-scale ships (<400 tons) are able to navigate the 'Petite Saône' where 22 dams were built. Betwixt 1958 and 1991, five navigation dams were congenital on the 'Grande Saône' and the riverbed was dredged to allow large barges upwards to 4400 tons. 4 large commercial ports are present along the Saône: Pagny-Seurre (hateful annual traffic: 244 000 tons), Châlon-sur-Saône (mean almanac traffic: 903 000 tons), Mâcon (hateful annual traffic: 418 000 tons) and Villefranche-sur-Saône (mean annual traffic: 696 000 tons).

PHOTO 7.vi. Saône River, 25 km upstream from Lyon

(Photo: J.1000. Olivier).

The alluvial aquifer of the Saône is a big reserve for drinking water with 700 000 inhabitants currently using this resource.

Fishery is an important activeness on the Saône, mainly cyprinids, wels and pike-perch. Spinycheek crayfish (Orconestes limosus) is too harvested (367 kg/year in the upper and 4217 kg/yr in the lower Saône).

The Saône floodplain has been colonized past typical plants and animals with large areas covered by meadows or alluvial forests. From the source to the confluence with the Rhône River, four sites vest to the Natura 2000 network (FR4301342, Saône Valley; FR 2612006, alluvial meadows and associated environments of Saône-et-Loire; FR 2600976, floodable meadows and forests of the Saône valley betwixt Châlon/Saône and Tournus and the lower Grosne River; FR 8201632, wetted meadows and alluvial forest of the Saône valley). These alluvial habitats are specially important for birds, for instance, as a nesting place for corn crake and a biotope for Eurasian curlew. The lower Doubs constitutes another Natura 2000 site (FR 4301323), providing several habitats for aquatic and terrestrial vegetation and animals (footling ringed plover, stone curlew (Burhinus oedicnemus), European bee-eater, majestic heron, and lilliputian bittern).

The Saône valley was heavily impacted in the by (toxic and agricultural pollution, sand and gravel extraction, navigation). Rehabilitation success of the Saône River is dependent upon the comeback of water quality and ecological status of polluted tributaries. A large management plan was developed for the catchment. A Life program (1997–2001, ane.32 M€) was launched in a floodplain area (72 000 ha) with the goal to harmonize agricultural practices, alluvion direction and biodiversity conservation. Specific objectives were to: (1) increase compatibility between navigation and agriculture by improvement of navigation equipment; (two) restore floodplain functioning; (three) to protect groundwater resources past limiting Northward and P inputs; and (4) to set upwardly a monitoring program to inform and educate local people. An experimental program (1998–2001) was developed on 6500 ha (half dozen sites) in the floodplain, and included restoration and maintenance of floodgates, ditches and canals, admission of spawning sites for phytophylic fish species (especially pike), direction of the alluvial forest for native species, limiting depository financial institution erosion by using eco-engineering engineering science, and protection of groundwater quality and quantity. Shore protection confronting waves created past ships favoured vegetation development (5. spiralis, Najas spp.), microphytic and microbenthic species, and provided nursery places for fishes.

Amidst nine waterbodies along the Saône, only the last 40 km betwixt Villefranche/Saône and the Rhône confluence were classified as heavily modified. Indeed, water pollution in the lower river is high (mainly pesticides and metals, but also nutrients), and backwaters often were altered. The status between the Doubs confluence and Villefranche/Saône (126 km) is still doubtful. Two waterbodies take a high risk of declining to meet the WFD objectives. The risk is low for merely i waterbody and there is doubt concerning the other waterbodies. The upper three waterbodies are morphologically unaltered but water pollution by pesticides, metals and organic pollutants is high and diffuse. The loftier human utilize of the valley and river gives little promise that the river volition attain good ecological status by 2015.

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Renewable Free energy, Taxonomic Overview

Daniel M. Kammen , in Encyclopedia of Energy, 2004

5.4 Environmental and Social Impacts

Although hydroelectricity is generally considered a clean energy source, it is non totally devoid of greenhouse gas emissions and it can often take significant adverse socioeconomic impacts. At that place are arguments now that large-scale dams actually practice not reduce overall GHG emissions when compared to fossil fuel power plants. To build a dam, significant amounts of country need to be flooded, often in densely inhabited rural expanse, involving large displacements of unremarkably poor, indigenous peoples. Mitigating such social impacts represents a significant cost to the projection, which, if information technology is even taken into consideration, frequently not done in the past, can brand the projection economically and socially unviable.

Environmental concerns are also quite significant, every bit past experience has shown. This includes reductions in biodiversity and fish populations; sedimentation, which tin greatly reduce dam efficiency and destroy the river habitat; negative impacts on h2o quality; and contributions to the spread of water-related diseases. In fact, in the United states of america, several big ability product dams are beingness decommissioned due to their negative environmental impacts. Properly addressing these problems would result in an enormous escalation of the overall costs for producing hydropower, making it far less competitive than is commonly stated. Equally many countries movement toward an open electricity market, this fact volition come into play when decisions regarding investments in new energy sources are being fabricated. If the big hydro industry is to survive, it needs to come to grips with its poor tape of both cost estimation and projection implementation.

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Mountain Ice and H2o

G. Choudhury , in Developments in Earth Surface Processes, 2016

Abstruse

In India, the proliferation of hydroelectricity projects in the mountains has in one case again brought to the fore the debate on conservation and development. The challenge in developing renewable energy such as hydroelectricity is that it must simultaneously satisfy the ecological and socioeconomic sustainability. This chapter outlines the impact of change in river hydrology and watershed environment on the socioeconomic condition of mountain communities living in the Teesta basin. This chapter makes both short- and long-term recommendations to address the negative bear upon of the projects on the community. In decision, we propose that the key lies in incorporating stakeholders in all phases of planning and development of hydropower projects, and revisiting the renewable free energy policy as a whole.

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Introduction

Eric Wolanski PhD, DSc, FTSE, FIE Aust , in Estuarine Ecohydrology, 2007

1.two.half-dozen Dams

Dams for flood command, hydroelectricity and for water diversion for man consumption and agriculture change the natural flows. In most countries, possibly all countries of the world, the impact on estuaries is not considered in environmental impact studies when dams are proposed on rivers. Thus the coastal surround, coastal fisheries, and the local littoral people are regarded as expendable. For instance, the Alqueva dam on the Guadiana River, Portugal, which forms the largest human being-made reservoir in Europe – notwithstanding Europe'south environmental policies – was completed in 2003–2004 without a detailed audit of its affect on the estuary and the coastal zone, and without whatsoever estuary remediation measures beingness planned ( Wolanski et al., 2004a). Such is also the case of the 3 Gorges dam on the Yangtze River in People's republic of china (Syvitski et al., 2005). Dams not only change the river flow rate, they likewise trap sediment that silts the reservoir and reduces its performance life. They commonly receive backlog input of nitrogen and phosphorus from human activities, which stimulate noxious cyanobacterial blooms (Fig. 1.7d).

They as well starve the estuary and the coast of sand, thereby exacerbating coastal erosion.

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Hydro Power

M. Fuamba , T.-F. Mahdi , in Comprehensive Renewable Energy, 2012

6.06.2.1 Hydroelectric History in Canada

Canada is ane of the largest hydroelectricity producers in the world. A major role of its economical history throughout the twentieth century consisted of the development of sites with big hydroelectric potential. This sequence started with sites found close to populated areas (Niagara, Beauharnois, and Shawinigan) around the year 1900, and largely ended with the development of huge sites in the northern parts of several provinces in the 1960s and 1970s (James Bay, Churchill Falls, etc.). There have been relatively few large hydro sites developed since that time (La Grande, Rupert, Romaine, etc.) as the environmental and human impacts to be avoided or mitigated in such big projects make them increasingly difficult and costly to plan and build. Figure 1 shows the administrative Canada map and a few large hydro site locations.

Figure one. Administrative Canada map and large hydro sites locations [3].

Faced with the challenges of climate and territory, the Canadian energy industry has developed expertise in the generation and transmission of renewable hydroelectric power. Over the years, Canada has also get globe-renowned for its hydropower project design and structure. There are approximately 450 operating hydroelectric ability. More 200 are small hydro plants (<   ten   MW). Canada also has more than 800 dams that are used for hydroelectric ability generation, irrigation, and flood control [4, 5]. The largest hydroelectric ability development is the James Bay project in Quebec, which started producing electricity in 1979. Its 8 dams and 198 dikes contain five reservoirs covering xi   900   km^two, which is about 20 times the size of Lake Geneva in Switzerland.

In 2008, Canada generated 598   TWh, 61.half dozen% of which originates from hydroelectricity. The mean Canadian hydro product per capita was estimated at 11   322   kWh. The well-nigh important part of this free energy per capita was produced by iv provinces: Newfoundland (81   682   kWh), Manitoba (29   254   kWh), Quebec (23   913   kWh), and British Columbia (thirteen   884   kWh). Quebec appeared to be the most of import hydroelectricity producer in Canada with 182 TWh [i]. Tabular array 1 shows all details on the Canadian provinces' hydroelectric production.

Table i. Provincial free energy generation in Canada 2008

Province	Inhabitants	Hydro (TWh)	Steam (TWh)	Nuclear (TWh)	Internal combustion (TWh)	Combustion turbine (TWh)	Wind (TWh)	Tidal (TWh)	Full (TWh)	Hydro/capita (KWh   per inhabitant)
Alberta	iii   408   975	two.3	48.1		0.1	9.7	0.1		60.3	675
British Columbia	iv   235   151	58.8	four.four		0.ane	two.5			65.8	13   884
Manitoba	1   182   731	34.6	0.5						35.i	29   254
New Brunswick	746   056	3.5	8.1	1.1		1.four			14.1	4   691
Newfoundland	510   515	41.vii	1.1		0.1	0.iii			43.2	81   682
Nova Scotia	938   020	1.1	10.7			0.three	0.1	0.0	12.2	1   173
Ontario	12   641   497	39.9	28.0	83.v		7.7	0.5		159.half dozen	three   156
PE Island	137   754						0.1		0.1	0
Quebec	7   623   482	182.3	one.1	4.0	0.3	0.2	0.v		188.4	23   913
Saskatchewan	991   490	4.0	xiii.0			1.3	0.5		eighteen.8	4   034
Territories	105   999									0
Total	32   521   670	368	115	89	1	23	2	0	598	11   322

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Lake and Reservoir Management

In Developments in Water Science, 2005

Pumping schemes

These reservoirs are used to augment hydroelectricity production during periods of peak needs. The h2o is either pumped into a reservoir congenital specifically for this purpose, into an upper-lying lake or into a cascade consisting of a large reservoir upstream and a smaller i immediately downstream. During periods of lower electricity need, the excess free energy is used for pumping the water upstream. During periods of high energy demand, the water is released through turbines to produce hydropower. A daily cycle of such operations is possible. On the other hand, using these reservoirs for additional purposes (e.grand., drinking h2o supply), along with power production, is complicated considering unwanted h2o quality deterioration can take place in the upper storage reservoir.

Pumping schemes can be divided into those constructed as a secondary storage in combination with conventional hydroelectric generators, and those which reversibly send water up and down the same turbines.

The furnishings of water pumping on fish and other organisms accept been discussed (e.g., see Schindler et al., 1995). Several studies have demonstrated that at that place is only a small-scale negative touch of pumping on fish and fisheries (Robins and Mathur, 1976).

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Reservoirs☆

C. Nilsson , in Reference Module in Earth Systems and Ecology Sciences, 2013

Hydrology of Reservoirs

Among reservoirs, those congenital for generating hydroelectricity commonly have the near pronounced fluctuations in h2o level ( Figure 3 ). These fluctuations result from variations in the demand for electricity. Principally, there are ii kinds of reservoir operation: storage reservoirs and run-of-river impoundments. Storage reservoirs are built primarily to sustain period in the river downstream and level out ordinary fluctuations in belch. In regions exhibiting seasonal climate variations and where rivers show large natural fluctuations in flow inside or between years, storage reservoirs demand to be big to fulfill this job. For example, in Norway there are 2 storage reservoirs with maximum legislated water-level fluctuations of 125 and 140   yard, respectively.

Figure iii. Typical almanac water-level fluctuations in boreal gratis-flowing rivers and in the two major types of impounded waters. Notation that the range of fluctuations differs between water bodies and that the storage reservoir has reversed hydrological conditions during summer, with early on low-water and a late flood.

Reproduced from Jansson, R. et al. (2000b). Fragmentation of riparian floras in rivers with multiple dams. Environmental 81: 899–903, with permission from Ecological Society of America.

Run-of-river impoundments are built primarily to residual daily variations in the demands for water for electricity production, and to provide hydraulic head. A river completely developed for hydropower production forms stairs of dams and impounded h2o surfaces without leaving any runs or rapids in between. Ordinarily, ability stations procedure more water during the solar day than during the night, implying that impounded water-levels are lowered during the 24-hour interval and raised during the night. This variation is commonly rather modest to avoid loss of hydraulic head and thus reductions in power product. Therefore, on a monthly or annual ground water levels could get more than stable, but on a daily basis in that location could exist frequent variation.

The numbers and locations of reservoirs vary between rivers. Many impounded rivers have big reservoirs in the upstream reaches, but long unimpounded reaches downstream. The flow hydrograph of such downstream reaches is affected past the reservoir. It has been estimated that, on average, about 5% of the water in a reservoir seeps into the ground and another 3.5% evaporates each year. The balance may be extracted or released to the river downstream. Commonly, annual variations in period are reduced so that floods and low-water periods go less dramatic. Additionally, the timing of the flood events that practice occur is often changed. For example, in northern regions in which the spring floodwater is stored in reservoirs, floods may occur during summer or fall if reservoirs are filled in the jump and heavy rains continue through summer. In wintertime, storage reservoirs unremarkably freeze over at a loftier h2o-level. Along with the emptying of the reservoir during winter, water ice settles on the shorelines. Reservoir operation does not but change flow patterns, reservoirs also affect temperature, dissolved gases, and concentrations of waterborne textile in the river downstream of the reservoir.

In recent years, an increasing number of ecologists advocate modified flow releases from such reservoirs, in guild to reach more than natural hydrological conditions in the river downstream. This concept of dam reoperation attempting to find a compromise between man and ecology needs without sacrificing one or another is called environmental flows. It has been adult in water-poor areas such as Southward Africa and Australia where wise sharing of available water resource has become a main issue, simply the spirit of this concept is applicable to regulated rivers all over the world.

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Hydro Power

A. Lejeune , S.50. Hui , in Comprehensive Renewable Energy, 2012

half dozen.02.half dozen.2 Sources of Renewable Electricity Energy

In that location are six unlike sources of renewable electricity. Hydroelectricity is the principal source with an 86.iii% share of the total renewable output. Biomass, which includes solid biomass, liquid biomass, biogas, and renewable household waste material, is the number two source (5.9%) and is a trivial ahead of the air current ability sector (5.seven%), followed past geothermal power (one.7%), solar power including electro-solar and photovoltaic plants (0.3%), and ocean energies (0.01%) ( Table 9 ).

Tabular array 9. Structures of renewable sources of electricity product in 2008

Source	TWh	%
Hydropower	3247.30	86.31
Biomass	223.50	5.94
Wind power	215.70	5.73
Geothermal	63.40	1.69
Solar including photovoltaic	12.10	0.32
Marine energies	0.54	0.01
Total	3762.54	100.00

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Alternate Energy Sources

Mukesh Doble , Anil Kumar Kruthiventi , in Green Chemical science and Technology, 2007

Hydroelectricity

Canada generated 61 % of its electricity supply from hydroelectricity in 1999, mostly with large dams (Renewable Energy in Canada; Conference Board of Canada, 2003). Hydroelectric generation does not produce significant greenhouse gases, just it does have other major environmental impacts. The reservoirs oft destroy nearby habitat by submerging vast areas of highly productive forest and wildlife habitat. The dams also impairment freshwater ecosystems by blocking the motion of fish and other organisms. Pollution from mercury and other contaminants is a problem in many reservoirs in northern Canada. Large dams are as well known to cause earthquakes. Hydroelectric ability now supplies about 715,000 MWe, or 19% of the globe's electricity. Hydroelectric power can be far less expensive than electricity generated from fossil fuel or nuclear energy.

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